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Fifty-five samples of water were investigated, and the results revealed that cadmium and lead contents exceeded the allowable level for drinking water. Also, they pose a health risk to residents.

Modeling can be used to overcome water jar test limitations. In this research study, MLP-type ANNs with one hidden layer have been used for modeling jar tests to determine the dosage level of coagulant used in water treatment processes. The data contained in this research have been obtained from the drinking water treatment plant located in the Ardabil province in Iran. To evaluate the performance of the model, the mean square error and the correlation coefficient parameters have been used.

This work is an outgrowth of engineering service learning at Villanova University in Pennsylvania, USA. Teams of students assess and collect data on site, and design and communicate information for clean water networks that benefit developing areas around the world. The design of a water network requires the selection of pipe diameters that satisfy pressure and flow requirements while minimizing cost. This work contrasts and compares results of several models and makes key recommendations.

This paper presents an assessment of quantity and quality performance of a trunk main cleaning using ice slurry pigging intervention. Hydraulic calibration showed a 7x roughness height reduction after ice slurry pigging, although turbidity response due to carefully imposed shear stress increase remained significant, indicating loose materials had not been fully removed from the pipe wall. Due to ongoing material accumulation, one-off intervention may not be sufficient to manage the quality risk.

This work evaluates the use of a device inspired by the human taste system to carry out quantitative and qualitative monitoring of drinking water samples. The results showed an excellent ability to discriminate the samples and predict some analytical parameters of interest in controlling their physicochemical quality. This made it possible to conclude that the device called smart electronic tongue has a high technological potential for monitoring drinking water.

In this study, we investigate numerically, using EPANET code, the leaks in a water distribution network (WDN). The old part of Casablanca (Morocco) is used as a case study. The first episode is based on a simulation of artificial leaks on the MATLAB platform using EPANET. The second was a real simulation of artificial leaks. The results obtained are compared with those of a real simulation of artificial leaks caused by the opening and closing of hydrants.

Reliable and effective continuous water quality monitoring has always been challenging. To detect water quality, deployment of multiple sensor nodes in a water distribution network generates complex and convoluted data sets. This paper demonstrates the implementation of a cyber-physical system along with soft-computing approaches (Python and fuzzy). The designed system monitors water quality in real time, simplifies the complexity of sensor data and assists water engineers in decision making.

The article introduces a stable formulation of the model for water distribution systems that guarantees the existence of a unique solution. This is done regarding two modeling paradigms. First for models with customer demand as a fixed boundary condition and second for models that add a boundary condition on the minimum network pressure. The following discussion concludes that pressure-driven models are superior in modeling deficient networks, but still have to be improved.

Water temperature in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) and at the customers' taps approaches the surrounding soil temperature at 1 m in depth. In the Netherlands drinking water is distributed without additional residual disinfectant and drinking water temperature at the customers' tap should not exceed 25 ºC. Some urban infrastructures are heat sources and generate hot-spots. This article describes a method to find anthropogenic heat sources that influence temperature in the DWDS.

TOC (total organics carbon) analysis, as a laboratory and online technology, offers new perspectives to organic measurements in waters and waste water, supplementing regulatory oxygen demand tests. TOC monitoring, implemented as a tool to make informative and rapid treatment decisions, becomes a useful process control parameter. This paper discusses the various technologies available and details how three municipal plants gained insights into their processes and saved on their spending with TOC.

One of the crucial aspects of developing a forward osmosis (FO) process is making a suitable membrane. In this work, an FO membrane was synthesized by making a polyamide selective layer on an electrospun nanofiber support layer. The prepared thin-film composite (TFC) membrane showed good performance in terms of water flux and salt rejection compared to the commercially available membranes. Also, it showed other good properties, namely porosity, hydrophilicity, and mechanical strength.

Low-income countries lack the capacity to remove chemical contaminants like nitrates. Hence, an economical water filtration technology was explored, which is bio-sand filtration. In order to enhance the removal of nitrates through denitrification, a modified bio-sand filter with ethanol as an external carbon source at C / N ratios of 1.1 and 1.8 was investigated. The results of the research showed a removal rate of 53 % at a C / N ratio of 1.8.

In this research, reliability indicators of water distribution networks are evaluated under pipe failure conditions. The case studies include two benchmark and one real-life water distribution networks in Iran with more hydraulic constraints. Some important reliability indicators are presented, such as resilience index, network resilience, modified resilience index, and minimum surplus head index.

Thin film composite forward osmosis membranes were prepared on a polysulfone substrate (17 wt %) as a support layer, via an interfacial polymerization reaction, to form a polyamide selective layer. The effect of the reaction times was investigated. The best results were found to be at 5 min for m-phenylenediamine and 1 min for trimesoyl chloride reaction times, respectively. These results gave the best performance of forward osmosis membranes in terms of water flux and salt rejection.

This study aimed to prepare a cellulose paper impregnated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the purpose of water purification (disinfection (removal of several types of bacteria) and filtration). Sliver nanoparticles used in this work exhibited a broad size distribution with highly reactive facets. AgNP paper provided rapid and effective bactericidal activity.

Providing drinkable potable water from saline or heavily polluted water using renewable energy is further explored. Solar desalination is an eco-friendly, accessible and affordable technology. We show that there is a direct relationship between and huge dependency on solar still daily distillate yield in the solar radiation intensity and the temperature difference between the condensing inner glass cover and the water. Hence, we hope to have drinkable water for all using solar power technology.

Many rural farming areas are located far from a reliable electricity supply; hence, a reliable source of water for crops and livestock can prove to be an expensive venture. A water pump operating on the water-hammer effect requires no external power source and can serve as an effective means of pumping water to a higher altitude once a reliable supply is available. The small hammer-head pump was designed to operate on the hammer-head effect created by the sudden stoppage of a flowing fluid.

Public drinking water distribution systems can be contaminated. Sensors designed to detect contaminants can provide warning through the use of a contamination warning system (CWS). A properly designed CWS may help reduce the consequences associated with contamination events. Various factors can affect the performance of a CWS design, our paper focuses on the accuracy with which the network model of a distribution system represents the actual structural details of the water distribution network.

EPANET does not always conserve constituent mass during water-quality simulations. The failure to conserve mass can result in significant errors in constituent concentrations. We document the occurrence of mass imbalances, explain why they occur, provide recommendations for minimizing mass imbalances, and present a preliminary water-quality algorithm for use in EPANET that always conserves mass. Our paper should be of interest to anyone who performs water-quality simulations using EPANET.

This paper aims at a better understanding of water consumption usage.

In Colombia in the last decades, turbidity and contamination events have become a major concern for many environmental authorities and drinking water companies. Therefore, there is a need for alternative technologies to improve the quality of the source water used for the water supply. This article assesses the potential of using riverbank filtration for the highly turbid waters in Colombia, emphasizing water quality improvement and the influence of clogging by suspended solids.

In developed countries, a safe and adequate water supply is usually taken for granted. However, an estimated 700 million people worldwide still live without access to this basic service. In order to achieve universal water coverage by 2030, either global spending on water projects should increase, which is not easy as it stands now, or the cost of water supply systems should decrease. This paper discusses the development of appropriate pipe network design methods, or models, for the latter.

Here we investigate the suitability of a specific low-cost water filter for drinking water treatment in households of rural South Africa. Distributed in the field, none of 51 individually tested water filters produced water without distinct contamination, and more than one-third even deteriorated hygienic water quality. We therefore recommend frequent monitoring of the filter performance at the point of use and identify dip slides as an efficient tool to assess critical contamination.

Contamination of water resources is continuously compounded as a result of rapid industrial development, particularly in heavily populated urban areas. This work proposes a water treatment method from endocrine disrupting resin Bisphenol A by means of photodegradation and oxidation techniques. The methodology was developed after many lab experiments, and we believe that our results will support future research on water purification techniques from organic contamination products.