Drinking Water Engineering and Science www.drink-water-eng-sci.net 1996-9457 1996-9465 3 1 2010 10.5194/dwes-3-1-2010 http://www.drink-water-eng-sci.net/3/1/2010/ http://www.drink-water-eng-sci.net/3/1/2010/dwes-3-1-2010.html http://www.drink-water-eng-sci.net/3/1/2010/dwes-3-1-2010.pdf 1 9 2010-01-13 NOM removal technologies – Norwegian experiences H. Ødegaard hallvard.odegaard@ntnu.no S. Østerhus E. Melin B. Eikebrokk Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway Water and Environment, SINTEF, 7491 Trondheim, Norway The paper gives an overview of the methods for removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in water, particularly humic substances (HS), with focus on the Norwegian experiences. It is demonstrated that humic substances may be removed by a variety of methods, such as; molecular sieving through nanofiltration membranes, coagulation with subsequent floc separation (including granular media or membrane filtration), oxidation followed by biofiltration and sorption processes including chemisorption (ion exchange) and physical adsorption (activated carbon). All these processes are in use in Norway and the paper gives an overview of the operational experiences. Azrague, K., Østerhus, S. W., and Leiknes, T.: Assessment of the OBM-process for drinking water treatment, Proc. Int. Wisa Membrane Technology Conference 2009, Stellenbosch, South-Africa, 13–15 May 2009. Bolto, B. A., Dixon, D. R., Eldridge, R. J., and King, S. J.: The use of cationic polymers as primary coagulants in water treatment, in: Chemical water and wastewater treatment V, edited by: Hahn, H. H., Hoffmann, E., and Ødegaard, H., Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 173–185, 1998. Eikebrokk, B.: Removal of humic substances by coagulation, in: Chemical water and wastewater treatment V, edited by: Hahn, H. H., Hoffmann, E., and Ødegaard, H., Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 173–187, 1996. Eikebrokk, B.: Aspects of enhanced coagulation-contact filtration process optimisation, Proc. Workshop on utilization of NOM characteristics to improve process selection and performance. AWWARF, Vivendi Water, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Berlin Germany, 9–12 Oct 2001. Eikebrokk, B., Juhna, T., and Østerhus, S. W.: Water treatment by enhanced coagulation – Operational status and optimization issues, Techneau, D 5.3.1, http://www.techneau.eu, December 2006. Eikebrokk, B., Juhna, T., Melin, E., and Østerhus, S. W.: Water treatment by enhanced coagulation and oxonation-biofiltration: Intermediate report on operation optimization procedusre and trielas, Techneau, D 5.3.2A, http://www.techneau.eu, December 2007. Eikebrokk, B., Fabris, R., Drikas, M., and Chow, C.: NOM Characteristics and Treatability by Coagulation, in: Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment IX, edited by: Hahn, H. H., Hoffman, E., and Ødegaard, H., IWA Publishing, London, 207–219, 2007. Fabris, R., Chow, C. W. K., Drikas, M., and Eikebrokk, B.: Comparison of NOM character in selected Australian and Norwegain drinking waters, Water Res., 42, 4188–4196, 2008. Fløgstad, H. and Ødegaard, H.: Treatment of humic waters by ozone, Ozone Science and Engineering, 7, 121–136, 1985. Thorsen, T. and Fløgstad, H.: Nanofiltration in drinking water treatment, Literature review, Techneau, D 5.3.4B, http://www.techneau.eu, December 2006. Thorsen, T.: Fundamental studies on membrane filtration of coloured surface water, Dr-thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), November 1999. Kaastrup, E. and Halmo, T.: Removal of aquatic humus by ozonation and activated-carbon adsorption, Chapter 39, in: Suffet and MacCarthy: Aquatic Humic Substances. Influence on Fate and Treatment of Pollutants, Advances in Chemistry Series 219, American Chemical Society, 1989. Kvinnesland, T. and Ødegaard, H.: The effects of polymer charachteristics on nano particle separation in humic substance removal by cationic polymer coagulation, Wat. Sci. Tech., 50, 12, 185–191, 2004. Machenbach, I. and Ødegaard, H.: Relevance of flocculation in integrated membrane processes for NOM removal, in: Chemical water and wastewater treatment VII, edited by: Hahn, H. H., Hoffmann, E., and Ødegaard, H., IWA Publishing, London, 245–254, 2004. Melin, E., Skog, R., and Ødegaard, H.: Ozonation/biofiltration with calcium carbonate as biofilter media, in: Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes, edited by: Gimbel, R., Graham, N. J. D., and Colllins, M. R., IWA Publishing 2006, 406–413, ISBN 9781843391203, 2006. Melin, E. and Ødegaard, H.: The effect of biofilter loading rate on the removal of organic ozonation by-products, Water Res., 34, 18, 4464–4476, 2000. Meyn, T., Leiknes, T., and Ødegaard, H.: Coagulation/flocculation – ceramic membrane filtration for removal of natural organic matter (NOM) under Norwegian conditions, Proc. IWA Conference on Membranes for Water and Wastewater treatment, Harrogate, UK, 15–17 May 2007. Saltnes, T., Eikebrokk, B., and Ødegaard, H.: Contact Filtration of Humic Waters, performance of an expanded clay aggregate filter (Filtralite) compared to a dual anthracite/sand Filter, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2, 5–6, 2002. Saltnes, T., Eikebrokk, B., and Ødegaard, H.: Coagulation optimization for NOM removal by direct filtration in clay aggregate filters, Water Supply: Research and technology – AQUA, 51, 2, 125–134, 2001. Ødegaard, H. and Koottatep, S.: Removal of humic substances from natural waters by reverse osmosis, Water Res., 16, 613–620, 1982. Ødegaard, H., Brattebø, H., and Halle, O.: Removal of humic substances by ion exchange, Chapter 45, in: Suffet and MacCarthy: Aquatic Humic Substances. Influence on fate and Treatment of Pollutants, Advances in Chemistry Series 219, American Chemical Society, 1989. Ødegaard, H. and Thorsen, T.: Removal of humic substances by membrane processes, Chapter 42, in: Suffet and MacCarthy: Aquatic Humic Substances. Influence on Fate and Treatment of Pollutants, Advances in Chemistry Series 219, American Chemical Society, 1989. Ødegaard, H., Eikebrokk, B., and Storhaug, R.: Processes for the removal of humic substances from water – An overview based on Norwegian experiences, Wat. Sci. Tech., 40(9), 37–46, 1999. Ødegaard, H., Thorsen, T., and Melin, E.: Practical experiences from membrane filtration plants for humic substance removal, Wat. Sci.Tech., 41, 10–11, 33–41, 2000. Ødegaard, H., Melin, E., and Leiknes, T.: Ozonation/biofiltration for treatment of humic surface water, in: Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes, edited by: Gimbel, R., Graham, N. J. D., and Collins, M. R., IWA Publishing, 397–405, ISBN 9781843391203, 2006. Østerhus, S. W. and Azrague, K.: Removal of NOM by an Oxidation-Biofiltration-Membrane filtration (OBM) process, Organic Geochemistry, submitted, 2009.