Drinking Water Engineering and Science www.drink-water-eng-sci.net 1996-9457 1996-9465 1 1 2008 10.5194/dwes-1-17-2008 http://www.drink-water-eng-sci.net/1/17/2008/ http://www.drink-water-eng-sci.net/1/17/2008/dwes-1-17-2008.html http://www.drink-water-eng-sci.net/1/17/2008/dwes-1-17-2008.pdf 17 25 2008-08-05 Micro-components survey of residential indoor water consumption in Chiang Mai Y. Otaki yurina00@nifty.com M. Otaki P. Pengchai Y. Ohta T. Aramaki Center for Research and Development of Higher Education, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 133-0033, Japan Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-2-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan The direct measurement of the micro-components of water consumption (i.e., consumption by each residential activity, such as toilet-, laundry-, bath-, and kitchen-use), both in the dry season and in the rainy season, was conducted in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It was expected that rainfall differences between the dry and rainy season would influence awareness for water resources so that water consumption in the dry season would be smaller than that in the rainy season. In addition, it was examined whether the differences in water resources such as public waterworks or non-public waterworks (i.e., community waterworks, mountainous water and groundwater), affected the amount of water use. A small-sized accumulative water meter was developed for measurement. This survey provides important information for water demand estimations and water supply planning in middle-developed countries where water consumption is expected to increase in future. AWWA: Residential End Uses of Water, AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Associatioin, Denver, 1999. Bengtsson, M., Aramaki, T., Otaki, M., and Otaki, Y.: Learning from the future – What shifting trends in developed countries may imply for urban water systems in developing countries, Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply, 5, 3–4, 121–127, 2005. Chiang Mai Provincial Statistical Office: Statistical Reports of Changwat, 2003. DeOreo, W. B., Dietemann, A., Skeel, T., Mayer, P. W., Lewis, D. M., and Smith, J.: Retrofit Realities, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 93(3), 58–72, 2001. Edwards, K. and Martin, L.: A Methodology for Surveying Domestic Water Consumption, J. Inst. Water Env. Man., 9(5), 477–488, 1995. Little, A.: Bangkok Water Supply Demand Side Management Study, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority, 1996. Mathurasa, L.: Analysis and forecast of domestic water end-uses in Khon Kaen province, Thailand, Master thesis of Asian Institute of Technology, 2005. National Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook Thailand, 2004. Otaki, Y., Otaki, M., Aramaki, T., and Sakura, O.: Residential Water Demand Analysis by Household Activities, Proceedings of Efficient Use and Management of Water for Urban Supply (CD-ROM), 2003. Roseberry, A. M. and Burmaster, D. E.: Lognormal Distributions for Water Intake by Children and Adults, Risk Anal., 12(1), 99–104, 1992. Yamanishi, O. and Manabe, H.: Residential water consumption by activity in general household, Proceeding of 46th research meeting of Japan Water Works Association's Kansai district, 61–64, 2002 (in Japanese). White, S., Milne, G. R., and, Riedy, C. J.: End use analysis: issues and lessons, Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply, 4, 3, 57–65, 2004. World Climate Website: http://www.worldclimate.com/, last access: March 2008.